Apothecia – disc shaped bodies which arise from the surface of the thallus and from which the fungal spores are produced.

Perithecia – small, wart-like bodies partly immersed in the thallus and from which the fungal spores are produced.

Isidia – tiny peg-like protruberances from the surface of the thallus. Since they include both fungal and algal cells, borken off isidia constitute an effective method of vegetative dispersal.

Crustose – forming a crust which is firmly attached to the substrate over its entire area.

Foliose – flattened and leaf-like. Often attached over a large area but with at least the margins of the lobes free.

Fruticose – shrubby and attached to the substrate by only one or a few points. Lacking a distinct upper and lower surface