Publication Guidelines - References

GENERAL BACKGROUND | FORMAT FOR TEXT | REFERENCES | TABLES AND FIGURES | NOTES AND RECORDS

Guidance on the citing of references can be obtained by consulting recent issues of the Journal. Authors should always bear in mind that the reason for citing sources of reference used in writing a paper is that they enable a reader to access the original publication. The citation of the bibliographic information should therefore be complete and clear.

Citation in text

The following points should always be noted when inserting references into the text of a paper:

• In papers the references should appear in the text as 'Smith (1980)' or '(Smith 1980)' note the omission of the comma (i.e. not (Smith, 1980).
• Co-authors are joined by 'and' not '&'. For papers with more than two authors, cite the principal author followed by et al. e.g. 'Smith et al. (1980)'.
• Authors' initials and book titles should never be included in the text of papers.
• Articles which have been accepted for publication may be included and should be cited as 'Smith (In press)' or '(Smith in press)'. Papers which have been submitted but not accepted should not be included. The terms 'in prep.' and 'in litt.' must not be used.
• Reports which have not been officially 'published' should not be cited unless they are crucial.
• Unpublished information from individuals should be cited as e.g. '(Smith pers. comm.)'.

Citation in list

The list of references at the end of a paper should follow the standard format of the Journal:

• References are listed in alphabetical order and chronologically for multiple entries for the same author(s).
• The ampersand (&) is used between co-authors' names in a citation in the reference list.
• The title of a paper should be given in full, in roman type (not underlined in typescript), except for any Latin names which should be underlined, Capital letters should be used for the beginning and for the initial letters of proper names only.
• The name of the periodical in which a paper appeared will be printed in italics (underline in typescript). When they recur, all names of journals should be repeated, the use of 'ibid' and 'op cit.' is not permitted in papers.
• The name of a book is printed in italics (underline in typescript), capital letters being used for the beginning and for the initial letters of proper names only. Latin names which form part of a book title will appear in Roman type and should not, therefore be underlined. The title is followed by the edition number (if any), then the name of the publisher and the place of publication. If the title of a chapter in the book is also given, this should be in Roman type.
• A volume number is printed in bold (with double underlining if possible), followed by a colon and the complete page numbers of articles (use the form 235-238 not 235-8). The volume number may be preceded by a series number in parentheses, or followed by a series letter, in Roman type. Include, in parentheses, the part number only if each part has separate pagination.
• All journal titles should be given in full.
• Punctuation of the references must be in accordance with Journal style. Incorrect punctuation and citation in the reference list causes wasted time and effort by editors.

The following examples illustrate most aspects of the citation of references in a MS:

As presented in typescript:

BANFIELD, A. W. F. (1974) The mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

BRADBURY, K. (1974) The badgers diet. In Paget, N. & Middleton, A. L. V. (eds) Badgers of Yorkshire and Humberside: 113-125. Ebor Press, York.

FAIRLEY, J. S. (1984) An Irish beast book. Second edition. Blackstaff Press, Belfast.

HARRIS, S. (1982) Activity patterns and habitat utilization of badgers (Meles meles) in suburban Bristol: a radio tracking study. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. No. 49: 301-323.

KRUUK, H. (1978) Foraging and spatial organisation of the European badger, Meles meles L. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 4: 75-89.

KRUUK, H. & PARISH, T. (1981) Feeding specialization of the European badger Meles meles in Scotland. Journal of Animal Ecology 50: 773-788.

KING, C. M. (1977) Stoat. In Corbet, G. B. & Southern, H.N. (eds) The handbook of British mammals. Second edition. Blackwell, Oxford.

KYNE, M. J., SMAL, C. M. & FAIRLEY, J. S. (In press) The food of otters Lutra lutra in the Irish Midlands and a comparison with that of mink Mustela vison in the same region. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.

MELQUIST, W. E., WHITMAN, J. S. & HORNOCKER, M. G. (1981) Resource partitioning and coexistence of sympatric mink and river otter population. In Chapman, J. A. & Pursley, D. (eds) Worldwide Furbearer Conference Proceedings 1: 187-220. Frostburg State College, Maryland, USA.

SLEEMAN, D. P. (1987) The ecology of the Irish stoat. Unpublished PhD thesis. National University of Ireland.

WARD, D. P., SMAL, C. M. & FAIRLEY, J. S.(1986) The food of mink in the Irish Midlands. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 86B:169-182.

As printed in the Journal:

BANFIELD, A. W. F. (1974) The mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

BRADBURY, K. (1974) The badgers diet. In Paget, N. & Middleton, A. L. V. (eds) Badgers of Yorkshire and Humberside: 113-125. Ebor Press, York.

FAIRLEY, J. S. (1984) An Irish beast book. Second edition. Blackstaff Press, Belfast.

HARRIS, S. (1982) Activity patterns and habitat utilization of badgers (Meles meles) in suburban Bristol: a radio tracking study. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. No. 49: 301-323.

KRUUK, H. (1978) Foraging and spatial organisation of the European badger, Meles meles L. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 4: 75-89.

KRUUK, H. & PARISH, T. (1981) Feeding specialization of the European badger Meles meles in Scotland. Journal of Animal Ecology 50: 773-788.

KING, C. M. (1977) Stoat. In Corbet, G. B. & Southern, H.N. (eds) The handbook of British mammals. Second edition. Blackwell, Oxford.

KYNE, M. J., SMAL, C. M. & FAIRLEY, J. S. (In press) The food of otters Lutra lutra in the Irish Midlands and a comparison with that of mink Mustela vison in the same region. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.

MELQUIST, W. E., WHITMAN, J. S. & HORNOCKER, M. G. (1981) Resource partitioning and coexistence of sympatric mink and river otter population. In Chapman, J. A. & Pursley, D. (eds) Worldwide Furbearer Conference Proceedings 1: 187-220. Frostburg State College, Maryland, USA.

SLEEMAN, D. P. (1987) The ecology of the Irish stoat. Unpublished PhD thesis. National University of Ireland.

WARD, D. P., SMAL, C. M. & FAIRLEY, J. S.(1986) The food of mink in the Irish Midlands. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 86B:169-182.

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